Sovereign wealth funds - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1463 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction The surfacing of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) (since 1953) has affected the financial markets and has also reshaped the worlds major economies. SWFs are working since 1953 when first Kuwait Investment Authority was established. Most of the SWFs are created by oil exporting economies like Qatar, United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sovereign wealth funds" essay for you Create order These funds are established for the investment out of budget surplus funds. SWFs have surfaced as a great investor. SWFs are important investors for not only capital assets but also for the world-wide equity, enticing, lucrative and growing attention. In recent financial credit crunch SWFs played a key role in stabilizing economies by injecting capital flows Initially SWFs growth were motivated by oil (natural resources) and commodity revenues, but lately the huge budget surpluses experienced by Asian economies put rigor in expansion of SWFs. The investments made in financial institutions during the subprime credit crisis, coined with the speedy growth of SWFs in developing economies, have elevated distress with respect to financial market stability, deficiency of transparent and bad governance structures (Moshirian, 2009) Many researchers have shown their apprehensions regarding these economic power houses like SWFs, which are calculated in trillions of dollars, will be used t actfully and strategically to gain political objectives. Capital and equity assets investments by SWFs are considered to be bias by many researchers throughout the world. SWFs have surfaced as large investors with plenty of resources, and have obtained strategic and sensitive stakes in major firms and banks around the globe. This is seems to be the rising problem for the politically and resourcefully weaken countries to defend their strategic assets from the SWFs giants from acquisitions and control rights in the name of foreign direct investments (FDI). If these funds continue to grow at the same rate as they are to date, the repercussions will be a swing in asset allocations and the appearance of a new investor category in the market. Simultaneously, a worry arises regarding their fear to financial stability, lack of disclosure and non-commercial, and mal fide objectives. This study will contribute to the literature as it coins two studies and tests combined effect of all the variables at once. This study also contribute to the awareness of the economies and governments of resourceful and strategic geopolitical position holding countries to scrutinize foreign direct investments, as SWFs can be used as tool to exploit their resources, with mala fide intentions to achieve political objectives. There are several delimitations of this study. First data is gathered through the few secondary sources due to the limitations of accessing several databases. Hence, its efficacy to be generalized may be compromised. Only publicly available data is used to analyze investment patterns of SWFs. Second limitation is the issue of transparency of SWFs as their scores for transparency varies. Third, many SWFs do not disclose or only reveal incomplete list of their investments. This paper investigates the research question, is there any biasness in investment allocation by SWFs with respect to culture, political, geographical and religious similarity? Literature Review There is no generally established definition of sovereign wealth funds in literature. Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) are state-controlled investment vehicles which own and manage public funds and they tend to be state-owned and have no explicit liabilities (Moshirian, 2009). Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) are defined by the US Treasury Department as: government investment vehicles funded by foreign exchange assets and managed separately from official reserves. SWF managers typically have higher tolerance for risk and seek higher returns than do official reserve managers (Blackburn, 2008) The very first source of sovereign wealth is the commodity revenue from natural resource-rich countries. This might be either due to the revenue generated from the tangible sales of the resources or might be the result of tax generated revenue from private firms operations in some key commodities (OCED 2008 cited in Moshirian, 2009). The second source of SWFs is hefty current account surpluses (Mo shirian, 2009). Due to constant global development and solid macroeconomic fundamentals, commodity based economies gathered significant surplus of foreign exchange earnings and reserves (Balding, 2008). Four principal reasons are stated by Balin (2008) as following: Sovereign wealth funds are created for four principal reasons Firstly, most funds held by natural resource exporters act as intergenerational transfer mechanisms, where future government pensions, asset liquidity, and fiscal revenues are guaranteed by todays export earnings. Second, most sovereign wealth funds of all country types are created to diversify a countrys income so that it can respond to shocks to the countrys economy. Thirdly, countries establish sovereign wealth funds to increase the return on assets held in their central bank reserves. (p.13) On the other hand some have expressed concerns about SWFs (Gieve, 2008). First apprehension is that SWFs mark militarily, technologically sensitive and strategic industries. Second apprehension is that huge SWFs give their government direct control over global markets (Jhonson 2007, Cited in Chhaochharia Laeven, 2009). SWFs will negatively alter corporate tactic because they hold strategic chunk stakes and holdings in banks and firms. (Trueman 2007, Cited in Chhaochharia Laeven, 2009) Many researchers illustrate that historical and cultural variables, for the most part religion and geography also have an effect on the portfolio investment of SWFs. Risk-averse investors prefer to invest in chartered territories rather than sailing in unchartered waters. Such investments into the well-known could entirely be determined by informational advantages, or simply be an appearance of sympathy with the well-known. Such cultural biases are more pronounced for government-owned institutions than for private institutions (Grinblatt Keloharju, 2001) An example of apprehension in investment receiving economies is concern over political influences, gains and objectives is control of U.S. ports by Dubai Ports World control over operations at six major American ports. A number of U.S. legislators have expressed worry about a potential threat of terror campaign (Radio, 2006). Another recent Example is emphasis of Singaporean SWFs to invest in china and India which has been considered as forging strategic ties with its more powerful neighbors (Bernstein Schoar, 2009). A SWF can also have a political effect as an alliance-building tool e.g. Singapores investments in the United States may deter the U.S. from protectionism, but it also acts to strengthen Singapores alliance with the United States generally (Blackburn, 2008). Chhaochharia Laeven, (2009) further cite many references to show why these variables like geography, religion and similarity affects the financial decision of an individual or financial institution to alter their portfolio investments as following: Geographical and cultural factors, capturing differences in information, trust, or affinity with the familiar, have been found to affect economic outcomes, including the allocation of investment8. For example, Guiso, Sapienza, and Zingales (2007) show that historical and cultural variables, particularly religion, affect trust in people from other countries, and that these differences in trust affect peoples financial decisions, including portfolio and foreign direct investment. Similarly, investors often prefer to invest in familiar investment opportunities as opposed to foreign or unfamiliar investments (Huberman, 2001; Grinblatt and Keloharju, 2001) (p.3) Considerable public attention has attracted towards SWFs recently, in particular on their investments pattern made during the subprime credit crisis in 2007. For these banks and firms, the capital injections made by SWFs provided an increased capital safeguard. This has made easy for banks to continue their operations without challenging them to reduce the size of their assets (Mos hirian, 2009). The three variables are identified by (Chhaochharia Laeven, 2009) i.e. culture, religion, geography. While the fourth variable, i.e. objective of political gain is identified in (Blackburn, 2008). During the recent financial crisis several SWFs invested in different economies which in turn stabilized the capital market of the receiving economy by boosting the investors confidence. Research Methodology Accepting the above mentioned concerns in literature it is conceivable to link variables of concern to formulate theoretical framework. We have seen all the following variables affecting the investment patterns of SWFs in the literature. Political Gains/Objectives variable is taken from (Blackburn, 2008) and Cultural, Geographical and religious similarity variables are taken from (Chhaochharia Laeven, 2009) References Chhaochharia, V., Laeven, L. (2009). The Investment Allocation of Sovereign Wealth. Social Science Research Network. Balding, C. (2008). A Portfolio Analysis Of Sovereign Wealth Funds. Social Science Research Network. Balin, B. J. (2008). Sovereign Wealth Funds: A Critical Analysis. Social Science Research Network. Blackburn, J. (2008). Do Sovereign Wealth Funds Best Serve The Interests of Their Respective Citizens. Social Science Network. Bernstein, S. Schoar, A. (2009). The investment strategies of Sovereign Wealth Funds. Social Science Network Gieve, J. (2008). Sovereign Wealth Funds and Global Imbalances. Quaterly Bulletin Speeche, 196-202 Grinblatt, M., Keloharju, M. (2001.). How Distance, Language, and Culture Influence Stockholdings and Trades. Journal of Finance , 1053-1073. Moshirian, F. (2009). Sovereign Wealth Funds and Sub-Prime Credit Problems. Social Science Network. Radio, N. P. (2006, February 20). Marketplace: Concern over Control of U.S. Ports. Retrieved December Monday, 2009, from https://www.npr.org/: https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5225229

Organizational Behavior - 1259 Words

American Red Cross Organizational Behavior and Communication American Red Cross Organizational Behavior and Communication â€Å"Inspired by the International Red Cross movement established to provide assistance to wounded soldiers, the American Red Cross was established in 1881 by Clara Barton and a number of her acquaintances† (Peerbolte, 2011, p. 17). The mission of the American Red Cross remains largely focused on military service members. However, the organization has expanded on its initial purpose. â€Å"The American Red Cross was mandated by a modified congressional charter in 1905 to provide assistance to those wounded by war, provide communication between military†¦show more content†¦Such communications are expressed using oral and written communication. Communication is imperative in such a large organization. â€Å"Today, headquartered out of Washington, D.C., the American Red Cross is a nationwide network of over 700 chapters organized into seven divisions and 36 blood service regions† (Peerbolte, 2011, p. 17). With such a large network of chapters and voluntee rs, organizational perception is imperative to the function and effectiveness of the Red Cross. â€Å"Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment† (Robbins Judge, 2011, p. 168). When an organization such as the Red Cross relies on volunteers and donations, perception is a concept that must be cultured and nurtured. â€Å"Characteristics that affect perception include your attitudes, personality, motives, interests, past experiences, and expectations† (Robbins Judge, 2011, p. 168). 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The Effects of Junk Food on Health Free Essays

The Effects of Junk Food on Health Junk foods are deemed to be trash foods as they are high in fat, sodium  and sugar. The apparent effect of junk food can lead to obesity and a range of attendant health problems, including diabetes, heart disease and arthritis. Majority of junk food choices do not deliver beneficial nutritional values. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Junk Food on Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now Here are the facts about  how excessive junk food consumption affects your body. First of all, junk food doesn’t contain the nutrients your body needs to stay healthy. As a result, you may feel chronically fatigued and lack the energy you need to complete daily tasks. The high levels of sugar in junk food puts your metabolism under stress; when you eat refined sugar, your pancreas secretes high amounts of insulin to prevent a dangerous spike in blood sugar levels. Also, you can be less focused with anything you undertake at work and home because what you are acquiring from junk foods are mere fats, not healthy ingredients. Also, you will experience lack of important oxygen that eventually result to poor brain functioning. In fact, junk food will cause our body lacking of energy and less concentration and focus when doing work. Next, junk food contributes obesity. Junk food contains large amounts of fat, and as fat accumulates in your body, you’ll gain weight and could become obese. The more weight you gain, the more you’ll be at risk for serious chronic illnesses such as diabetes, heart disease and arthritis. The high levels of fat and sodium in junk food can cause high blood pressure or hypertension. You’ll feel tired and have trouble concentrating because your body might not be getting enough oxygen. Hence, fat will lead to weight gain and obese sickness, furthermore, high risk in suffering critical illness such as heart disease. Moreover, junk food can lead to diabetes. This happens because eating too much sugar puts your metabolism under stress, your body has to pump up insulin production to prevent a dangerous spike in blood sugar levels. Because junk food doesn’t contain the protein or complex carbohydrates that your body needs to maintain consistent blood sugar levels, your blood sugar levels will drop suddenly soon after eating. You’ll crave sugar and likely end up eating more junk food. Over time, this stress damages your body’s ability to use the insulin secreted by your pancrease. A healthy diet can help maintain your body’s insulin sensitivity. As can be seen, over amount of sugar will cause pancrease problem and diabetes which will affect the ability of controlling sugar level. In conclusion, junk food caused diabetes, obesity and lack of nutrients for a healthy body. We must be disciplined in indulging in these types of food because they are initially unhealthy to have. Too much of anything sweet or salty is health threatening, to prevent it, we can pick fruits and high-fiber food for good snacks and meals. How to cite The Effects of Junk Food on Health, Essay examples

Conceptual Design phase of a Systems-Free-Sample for Students

Question: Write a report which critically analyses the Conceptual Design phase of a Systems Engineering Project. Answer: Introduction The main aim of the report is the study of the Downtown LRT concept design which will include the development as well as testing the LRT related alignment which is also integrated with the present street design alternatives along with the approved corridor to recognize and also agree to concept design. It is also important to understand here that the approved corridor uses 107 street, 102 avenues and 104 avenues for the research and the overall stretch is 2 km approximately with low level of floor based on LRT connection via the downtown for the discussed Southwest towards West LRT. It also consists of a surface along with urban style of LRT based alignment which is primarily proposed as a solution from downtown Edmonton (SHARP, 2012). The concept plan for the same is based on the companion design along with documents in the report. The discussion will be based on detailed study of the engineering design for the same which is important for the project. In addition, a simple drawing o f the design of Downtown LRT concepts design will also be included in the report. Assessment of concept design It is important to understand in this discussion that the development as well as assessment of the present concept based design with the help of the downtown is actually impacted by The city of Edmontons vision in strategy and it main aims is have a compact, livable as well as a more sustainable town. The aim is to have a city where people can have the option to select and utilize different other options and associated transportation modes for the same (PLAN, A). The strategic plan of the City of Edmonton is based on a framework is to set the priorities straight and further make more informed decision in the future. The plan also based on a vision of Edmonton for coming thirty years. It is developed with different feedback from the citizens and the main vision for the same is sets in the direction for the city by setting a more descriptive kind of targets for the vibrant as well as more sustainable city that helps in building some memorable and cherished assets for the place. It is very important to identify some critical role that current public transportation plays in gaining the viability along with the success of Edmonton and the plan further works as a guide for taking effective decisions with many strategic kinds of goals as well as checkpoint of progress (Parrington and Sorrell). The concept of MDP here shows the overall strategic growth as well as the development plan of the city. It is important to have clear directions on municipal as well as regional based planning which is critical to understand since the predicted growth of population is over one million by the year 2040. The overall realization of many objectives of the MDP helps in shaping the urban form of the city and also directs the development with many key transit nodes along with corridor locations which also include LRT (Parrington and Sorrell). The concept of TMP is based on prioritizing the current transportation network towards transit and good movement along with private automobile trip with low level priority. The new setup for TMP promotes a compact form of urban design with the creation of many transit based development and an important investment in transportation (Schmidt, 2012). The TMP also set some important strategic goals discussed below: - Use of land for integration and transportation Mobility and access Safety and health Sustainability Well build infrastructure Economic level of vitality Maintained infrastructure The network plan for LRT Expanding the LRT network has an important role to play in assisting the overall shape for the future city development and providing a support for the strategic goals of the city. There are number of new LRT stops as well which are primarily developed in connection with all the surroundings and use of land and plan to motivate right kind of density, give the catalysts for the growth of more compact communities in urban area (Schmidt, 2012. In addition, the new and improved LRT lines also provide an option to include the urban realm kind of improvement with integration of the present route and stops with the communities that are served for the same. The usage of the surface routes and stops also provides an improved level of access and help in promoting the good use of transit and rise of mode share. Conceptual design The departments of city transportation and the present project tram are based on conjunction with the stakeholder and have also utilized a process spread in multi-stage to assess, test, develop and recognize the concept design. The approved corridor of the area forms the initial point for the team and the growth of preferred alignment of the present concept design wan then dealt in two phases. The first phase is based on the growth of initial stage options which goes from varied design features like stop location alternatives to the location of track which lies within the current alignment (Krueger and Buckingham, 2012). The second phase is recognized as the most popular elements for every option to form the final level concept. A detailed level of concept was developed in addition to recognizing the influence, advantages and different methods to mitigate. With the help of approved corridor of LRT design, the related LRT stop location were evaluated to make sure that they are best se rve the city and also fit with the goal which set out the project level of context. At every level of stop location there are a number of goals that were recognized to support the growth of alternatives that will meet the objective of every location (Sproule and Leder, 2011). The stakeholders feedback was used in combination with the goal which is set out in the present project context to test the alternatives that are against the Citys LRT assessment options. The top level criteria are mentioned below: - Constructability with feasibility Use of land and promotion of compact form of urban area (Flannery et al., 2015) Peoples movement with goods Natural kind of environment Social culture Following is the future network proposed by Edmonton: Design of concept The most preferred alternative was refined further. Additional public consultation was developed to aim on the single concept. The documents further were also utilized for the public or many open house discussion sessions performed to assist as well as facilitate the public level involvement (Luckey and Marshall, 2012). After receiving the feedback in the stakeholder session, addition adjustment was made to develop which also reflects in the feedback. After the evaluation and review of the design of concept, many issues and queries were mentioned that was associated to the street stop diagonal 107 situated on the western edge of downtown along with project alignment as well as proposed portal with the help of the east segment of the complete project. The team working on the project was engaged with NorQuest College and MacEwan University in order to achieve a point of resolution which is also diagonal 107 street stop and it is related to joint development along with its current potential (Freeman et al., 2012). In addition, city council was further directed to the team in order to engage with the community in the areas like Boyle Street or China Town which is also an attempt to solve the problems around the location of alignment and areas like China Town gate focus on safety and the location of portal. The team in addition to it also developed and executed a line of workshops and training program to engage with local society and also draw out different set of concepts on problems and options to get help with right tools and designs to deal with the concerns of stakeholders. There are many other alternatives as well along with design which is evaluated with multiple kinds of alignments, below ground as well as surface. The changed designs were further taken to the public for multiple open house sessions (Dwarka et al., 2012). Following is the Approved Downtown LRT Connector Corridor: - The phases in the light rail lines are to check for the incurring cost with the easy maintenance and development. The phase is to check on the parallel processing with the system focusing on handling the lifecycle with system concurrency for the construction design. Conclusion It is to focus on the process of orientation where there is a need to properly maintain the technology and support the different activities taking place on the light rail network. With this, there is a proper assurance of the orientation and the deployment that would require managing with the configuration process as per the requirement and the development programs. The standards of the decision system inhibit the approach of the effects to focus on the safe area with the system designing. Here, the customers require to ensure the quality with the focus on the deployment functionality to properly construct and then work on the different forms of the analysis. Through this, there is a possibility to check on how the requirements of the system are met and how it is possible to handle the allocation as well. Recommendation With the development, the check is on how to work over the system testing where the light rail network need to focus on the associated technicalities with the operations that have been designed. The performance is measured according to the work with the check on meeting the dynamic and the static set of the system flow. Here, the environment should also include the proper association with the management to measure the team and their requirements. References Line, V., 2013. PRELIMINARY DESIGN PROCESS.Policy,506, p.1. SHARP, A., 2012. Light Rail to Airports.Sustaining the Metropolis, p.203. PLAN, A., THE ROLE OF THE PLANNER: MAKING A DIFFERENCE JGI 454 H1F JPG 1514 H1F.JGI,454, p.H1F. Parrington, A. and Sorrell, C., PROPOSED METROPOLITAN HYDROGEN NETWORK FOR SYDNEY. Schmidt, L.K., 2012. Returning the near south to downtown Indianapolis: daylighting Pogue's Run: a plan for urban renewal. Krueger, R. and Buckingham, S., 2012. Towards a consensualurban politics? Creative planning, urban sustainability and regional development.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,36(3), pp.486-503. Sproule, W.J. and Leder, W.H., 2011. Downtown People Movers-History and Future in US Cities. InAutomated People Movers and Transit Systems 2011: From People Movers to Fully Automated Urban Mass Transit(pp. 197-207). Flannery, D., Duarte, R., Norman, B., O'Donnell, T., Sinclair, H. and Steffen, W.L., 2015.Light rail transit and residential density in mid-size cities(No. 5). Canberra Urban and Regional Futures. Luckey, K.S. and Marshall, W., 2012. Understanding the Level of Integration of Light Rail Transit into Communities in the Denver Region.Sustaining the Metropolis, p.296. Freeman, D., Wei, W. and Gosling, G.D., 2012.Case Study Report: San Francisco International Airport BART Extension. Working Paper, Mineta Transportation Institute, San Jos State University, San Jos, California. Dwarka, K., Twining, A. and Robins, M.E., 2012. TOD Line: Mobilizing a Regional Network to Promote Transit-Oriented Development.

Ballot or the Bullet Essay on Malcolm Xs Speech Essays

Ballot or the Bullet Essay on Malcolm Xs Speech Essays Ballot or the Bullet Essay on Malcolm Xs Speech Essay Ballot or the Bullet Essay on Malcolm Xs Speech Essay Colin Ransom English 12A Ms. Davis The Ballot or The Bullet-Malcolm X -Malcolm’s primary audiences were mainly African Americans. He addressed the whites and the white news media, because he felt that they played a very key and significant role in his discussion of the Ballot or the Bullet. He spoke of the whites in such an uncompromising fashion because he felt that the whites were to blame, of the oppression and struggle in the black community. Malcolm also had a very intriguing way of getting the listeners attention with his select speech and vernacular. By not flattering the audience Malcolm displayed that he was a very serious man and had no time for games in this particular discussion. He defined grounds of disagreement because he viewed the whites as the leaders of trouble in the black community. He did not agree on any decision made by the whites in the black community because he knew there was crooked and evil moral behind it that the common black man could not recognize. Malcolm was a very honest and veracious person, and because he strived to better his people in the African-American community he knew his straight forwardness and honesty had to be presented in order for them to receive the message thoroughly. They applauded him because they were all there to learn, to grown and begin on this new journey of Black Nationalism that Malcolm displayed, so when he made comments on their character that they all intended to destroy it gave them a sense of pride and joy to know someone was behind them. Malcolm knew he was a target by not only the whites, but also the world. Having a gun in his possession would only lead to more trouble his way. Malcolm preached that you shall not start any kind of trouble with the law or anyone, but if it was brought upon you, then do not turn the other cheek, but fight back for your rights as a human being. So having a gun only showed that you were looking for trouble and he in fact wasn’t. Like before Malcolm knew better than to actually start any trouble or retaliation against anyone that hadn’t directly attack him. So by outburst starting retaliation would not show he was a man of composure and strategy in his doings. Malcolm was sincere in that he never held his tongue for no one. He always told the truth in whatever it was he was doing.

Genetic Engineering Ethics Essay Sample

Genetic Engineering Ethics Essay Sample Genetic Engineering Ethics Essay Genetic engineering is the integration between biological and engineering applications that the population does not recognize up to this day. This is because it is a profession that does not show their process in the public due to the issue of morality and ethical jurisprudence. However, most companies utilize genetic engineering as a way to modify the food source to become productive. These are companies who are engaged in the production of food products to supply the growing number of consumers with perishable items. Genetic engineering is considered important because of the functionality and existence help to sustain the survival of organisms such as humans and animals. The practice of genetic engineering is widely applied to manufacturing plants where they integrate the use of technology with biological life. You may not be aware that the food that you consume on a daily basis is manufactured using genetic engineering applications. One example is instant foods that are packed in plastic, box, or cans that are usually available in supermarkets or grocery stores in your area. Processed meats are also considered genetically engineered because it used numerous experimentation applications by scientists and researchers to improve the quality of taste as well as its effect on the body. The reason behind is that companies want to prevent any risk for safety for all consumers who want to try their product. Fast food companies are heavy users of genetic engineering because the majority of their food is genetically engineered by their production facilities. One reported scenario is when there is one fast food chain that is producing chickens with three pairs of legs to ensure the growing demand of the population around the world. Genetic engineering has been under criticism due to their practice of modifying organisms. The main critic is the church, which rejects the practice of genetically modified organisms because it violates the principles of morality. Modification of organism for food has been questioned because it portrays the credibility of the company for promoting products that are naturally grown. In this case, the value of modified organism that is sold for food or items that support physical activity is sometimes denied by conservative government institutions. All organisms should not be artificially grown because it destroys the essence of promoting a product that is made up of artificial mixtures. Sometimes, companies who are involved in genetic engineering practice to their products are summoned for inquest proceedings by the lawmakers of a certain country to determine if there are laws that were violated for modifying products with artificial materials. In the present era, genetic engineering may not be a comfortable topic for the general public because it generates debate. This is because conservative groups reject the concept about modifying the natural elements of our environment. However, with the rising population and the growing need for space, genetic engineering helps to sustain humanity’s survival. This is because genetic engineering might be the answer for the growing scarcity of resources that are responsible for depleting the food supply around the world. Underdeveloped countries are unable to provide food for their community due to the lack of natural resource to feed its population. With the existence of genetic engineering, it can help save our environment by allowing an additional source of food supply to prevent hunger and famine that impacts the health and longevity of the population (Pollack, 2015). Genetic engineering is applied in the pharmacological industry wherein medical practitioners are aiming to find a cure to a certain disease. Vaccination is a clear product of genetic engineering because it values the significance of finding a new solution to improve the quality of life for every patient. When there are new medications that are now being processed, medically tested, and approved, it becomes a commodity in the market so that people can have an access to the newly formulated medication to improve their health care status. In medicine, the creation of modified structure through the creation of new medicine aims to prevent the spread of a disease that is considered deadly and potentially hazardous to the population. Although it is challenged by the warriors of conservativism, genetics still continue to incorporate scientific studies and experimentation to benefit the interest of the population. In order to understand the mechanics of genetic engineering, it is important to learn more about the function of this particular application. The reason behind is to orient the public regarding the benefits of this application that can provide a justifiable functionality in the future. Genetic engineering is a product of human’s critical decision-making process to ensure that the safety of the public is always ensured. The general goal of genetic engineering is the sustainability of every individual to live a longer life. Even if there are challenges that are stressed by interest groups, genetic engineering still proves that there is more beneficial impact that it produced rather than risking the lives of the public. If there are violations committed by companies using genetic engineering to their consumers or interest groups, then the local government unit can apprehend the situation. Reference Pollack, Andrew (2015).  Genetically Engineered Salmon Approved for Consumption.  The New York Times.

Mean-Variance Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mean-Variance Analysis - Essay Example The practical applications of portfolio theory abound in different segments of business and finance. This report seeks to explain the principles of diversification, and discuss some practical applications of portfolio theory in business and finance. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Principles of Diversification 4 Application of Portfolio Theory Mutual Funds 5 Application of Portfolio Theory Capital Allocation 7 Application of Portfolio Theory to Product Portfolio Decisions 8 Recommendations 10 Conclusion 10 References 11 Introduction Diversification is the premise that underlies portfolio theory (Markus, 2008). A portfolio is a combination of assets with a unified risk and return value expectation. Diversified portfolios ensure that loses are minimized if they occur (Hill, 2010). Mean-variance analysis helps determine the viability of an investment portfolio through the analysis of the portfolio risk. The theory relies on the use of portfolioâ €™s variance by comparing how assets in the portfolio vary with regard to each other (Diether, 2010). Mean-variance analysis for a diversified portfolio measures the portfolio’s efficiency. The most efficient portfolio has the highest expected return for a certain standard deviation. Mean-variance analysis application in business and finance helps in making the optimum decisions about the riskiness of a portfolio. This report seeks to demonstrate the practical applications of mean-variance analysis in portfolio theory. Principles of Diversification One of the principles of diversification is the belief that the portfolio, as a whole, is more important than the individual assets (Sumnicht, 2008). Secondly, investors are risk averse, and therefore will only invest in those portfolios which they belief will be adequately commensurate to their returns. Investment should be for the long term, probably up to ten years into the future (Sumnicht, 2008). Diversification presumes t hat markets are efficient, and will not have any unforeseen disruptions. Finally, each risk level bears its own unique optimal allocation with regard to asset class at which the portfolio bears maximum returns. Application of Portfolio Theory Mutual Funds Mutual funds are actively managed investment options in which investors pay investment companies to invest their money in stocks and pay a return on the same. The financial analysts at the mutual fund companies make use of portfolio theory in calculating risks on their clients’ portfolios. The portfolio theory offers a robust and comprehensive model on which to calculate risk and make sound investment decisions from the results (Sumnicht, 2008). However, mutual funds offer a unique challenge to the effectiveness of the portfolio theory in that the final return faces significant distortions due to high fees, hidden costs, unpredictable taxes, and uncertain stock investments (Rutner, 2004). A major part of the modern portfolio theory is the frontier curve. The frontier curve plots risk and return (FundsMover, 2012). According to the portfolio theory, the funds that lie on the curve form the maximum yield potential for a given level of risk, measured as standard deviation. The curve flattens as the return rises. The rate of return per risk decreases, and at some point the amount of risk an investor exposes himself/herself to increases considerably for a slight increase in the return. The standard deviation indicates the volatility of the mutual fund.

FEMA Incident Command Systems and National Incident Management Systems Research Paper

FEMA Incident Command Systems and National Incident Management Systems Related to Law Enforcement Personnel - Research Paper Example As a law enforcement officer involved in special operations you have to be able to effectively respond to such operations using certain established guidelines and principles to protect property, live and the environment and restore normalcy. The Federal Emergency Management Authority (FEMA) is one such body under the US Department of Homeland Security tasked with handling emergency situations. Given that emergencies are unpredictable events that require cross functional approaches, as more than one agency may be involved, hence the need for a standardized approach and guidelines that are not specific to one agency. The FEMA has a system called the Incident Command System (ICS) that employs methods and standards that have been verified for efficiency and success in the business world and applied to emergency situations using a standard command, control and coordination system to achieve the aims of emergency responses and management. The ICS system enables proper cooperation and coord ination among different agencies since there are emergency occasions when as a special operations officer you may come under the command of someone from a different agency such as fire fighting whose methods and command structures could be different from special operations. This paper will therefore examine the beginnings of ICS, the development of new rules and guidelines with emphasis to the presidential order to the Department for Homeland Security in response to the September 11th terrorist attacks and then look at the guidelines from various sources, discuss them and draw conclusions. ICS can be traced to the 1970s when wildfires became a big problem in California when the state, federal, county and local fire departments, recognizing that no one agency can handle a fire emergency all alone, joined together to form a platform called the Firefighting Resources of California Organized for Potential Emergencies (FIRESCOPE) that pinpointed certain problems common to emergencies and hindering inter agency cooperation, including non uniform terms and commands, non-aligned communication, a missing scope for increasing or reducing the size of the joint response team depending on the situation, deficient combined plans of action plans and a lack of a command system to oversee inter agency operations (Haddow, Bullock & Coppola, 2011). The ICS is a model tactic built on best practice standards for managing emergencies and incidents that allow for a synchronized response from different agencies that creates a shared approach to scheduling and managing resources and enhances the incorporation of equipment, facilities, staff, systems within a unified organizational framework (â€Å"Introduction to the ICS†, 2009). The ICS has however evolved into an all inclusive emergency response and coordination approach for emergencies that utilizes a unified structure of organization and management system. The ICS is based on five main premises: Command, Logistics, Operatio ns, Planning, Finance/Administration (â€Å"What is the ICS?† 2010) During an emergency the law enforcement agencies leadership is organized into the above units with each having a jurisdiction over all the different agencies involved in the emergency. After the September 11t

How to Recruit and Retain Volunteers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How to Recruit and Retain Volunteers - Essay Example Others performed the duty due to court-mandated work as part of the sentence from a judge. Irrelevant of the motive non-profit organizations have to promote themselves adequately to attract volunteers and financial donations. I selected an online-articled entitled How to Recruit and Retain Volunteers for further analysis of the topic. The article stated that three ways to recruit employees is by using personal contacts, going where the people are, and by getting the word out (Genv, Youth Venture, 2007). I totally agree with the strategies chosen in the article. Word of mouth advertising is priceless and the costs of implementation are minimal or nonexistent depending on the situation. Non-profit organizations have to be proactive in their marketing and recruiting initiatives. It is wise idea to formulate seminars to be present at different locations such as churches, universities, and public parks. Personal contacts can be very valuable. The manager of the non-profit organization has to use his or her network of family, friends, associates, and colleagues to directly recruit these individuals to donate some of their time. The decision maker or manager of the non-profit organization must possess excellent communication and leadership skills. The organization must also recruit volunteers from the corporate sector. Many private organizations are willing to provide support in terms of capital or manpower when non-profit organization ask for the help and are able to negotiate a deal. The second important aspect of managing volunteers is being able to retain the personnel. A list of strategies and tactics that can be used to manage volunteers to keep them motivated and happy is listed below: People that are welcoming and nice create an environment that is pleasant for the volunteer which helps keep the volunteers interested. By making the work fun the volunteers enjoy their time which helps to keep them motivated. It is important

Process Intensification In Chemical Engineering Engineering Essay

Process Intensification In Chemical Engineering Engineering Essay Process Intensification (PI) is a concept in chemical engineering which first defined back in 1970 sparked by the need to reduce capital cost involved in a particular production system This was first pioneered by ICI to reduce plant volume without sacrificing its production capacity [1, Dautzenberg] (Dautzenberg, et al., 2001). There was a first international conference in 1995, International Conference for Process Intensification in the Chemical Industry. Ramshaw was the early scholar who worked on process intensification philosophical foundation, defined PI as a strategy for making dramatic reductions in the size of a chemical plant to achieve a given production objective (Ramshaw, 1995). Process intensification involves dramatic reduction in chemical plant equipments by installation or individual equipment volume as presented by (Ramshaw, 1995) and (Stankiewicz, 2003). By mentioning dramatic reductions, Ramshaw mentions of miniaturizing volume by the order of 100 to 1000. This definition by Ramshaw is quite limited and is cited in Stankiewicz (Stankiewicz, et al., 2000) as being too narrow that it discussed more on size reduction. PI can be defined as intensification on particular desired effect and size reduction is one of many desired results that can be achieved through PI. This definition is widened by Stankiewicz definition of process intensification as any chemical engineering development that leads to a substantially smaller, cleaner and more energy-efficient technology is process intensification (Stankiewicz, et al., 2000). BHR Group defines process intensification as: Process intensification is a revolutionary approach to process and plant design, development and implementation. Providing a chemical process with the precise environment it needs to flourish results in better products, and processes which are safer, cleaner, smaller, and cheaper. PI does not just replace old, inefficient plant with new, intensified equipment. It can challenge business models, opening up opportunities for new patentable products and process chemistry and change to just-in-time or distributed manufacture (BHR Group, 2003). This has been widely accepted (try to connect references) as definition of process intensification in chemical industry. Process intensification can be categorised into two types of approaches which are; (1) methodology-based approach and another one is (2) equipment-based approach. Figure Process intensfication and its components (from Stankiewicz et al. 2004). This major categorisation of two approach in process intensification is also presented and some of the latest existing industrial examples are given in an article in The Chemical Engineer journal (King, et al., 2010). Reaction Engineering involves Sizing and bla bla bla Reaction engineers spend a lot of efforts and ingenuity in enhancing reactors performance by studying and implementing any optimum trajectory for the reaction system to be operated (Nicol, et al., 2001). bla bla bla In reaction engineering, equipment-driven approach is about reactor improvement of rate of reaction by specific-volume, heat transfer and mass transfer, hence may push chemical process or catalyst performance to achieve the best out of their potentials. Nowadays this is done in terms of enhancing conversion rates and reducing by-products formation by achieving concentration and temperature profiles [4, Multfunct.React. Agar pp. 379-381] (Agar, 2004). Catalysis is one of examples of process intensification approach by methodology in general sense, as it serves a function to reduce activation energy required for a reaction to occur. In chemical industry there are two major types of catalytic reactor configurations, being the structured and random reactors. These categories are reviewed later in the next section regarding their benefits in reaction engineering process intensification. Some applications in chemical industry by process-intensifying equipment approach are integrating several unit operations or equipments into one multifunctional reactor, designing a new hybrid separation such as reactive distillation and reactive absorption [2, Trans] (Stankiewicz, et al., 2000). Integration in between two equipments as examples has been reviewed by Stankiewicz (2003) [5] Stamicarbons Urea 200plus technology. In this paper, the reactor is designed incorporated with condenser and known as pool reactor. Size comparison shown that in this particular case size of equipment reduced to one-fourth of the conventional equipments (Stankiewicz, 2003) [5]. The best reactor design and configuration is identified in a particular chemical process by knowledge available in its reaction chemistry, contacting pattern in terms of how and when individual elements pass through the reactor and contact one another and how long its identity changes. Furthermore, critical studies in reaction overall kinetics as well as its thermodynamics to which elements are exposed along their reaction trajectory is important in enhancing chemical reactor or in order to integrate reactor with any other unit operations. Through this reactor design concept, the most suitable reactor configuration is selected, e.g., ideal plug flow, packed-bed and etc. Overall kinetics bla.. bla.. bla.. In considering thermodynamics, heat transfer within or across the boundaries of reactor is a crucial consideration to establish optimised reaction in multifunctional reactor, based on their activation energy needed for raw materials to react. In multifunctional reactor this is the scope where energy would be supplied or removed from an endothermic or exothermic main reaction to maintain a forward drive of chemical reaction. Energy balances are important at this stage and establishing temperature profile is needed from analysis for purpose of chemical reaction intensification. Methods of heat transfer are also reviewed as there are categories of heat transfer methods known to be efficient in a particular reaction. This is the normal and widely accepted procedure Individual reactor design such as static mixer reactor, monolithic reactor, spinning disk reactor and etc, are examples of equipment-driven approach in process intensification (Stankiewicz, 2003). This examples are actually concepts revolves on developing component design and improvement of a particular reactor. Development of Modelling of process intensification. MAIN PARTS a PI Area of Concern in Reaction Engineering Applications. Heat exchange in reaction engineering Reactor usually contains high amount of energy namely heat as reaction is progressing with reactor usually being operated at the highest temperature compare to other equipment upstream and downstream. This is essential to the reactions as thermal energy required for molecular bond to form or dissociate. Heat exchange in reaction engineering design has been studied extensively as heat transfer plays a significant role in all chemical reactions. Agar D.W. (2004) (Agar, 2004) has categorised heat transfer into four categories, namely convection, recuperation regeneration and reaction (Figure ). This categorisation helps a lot in providing the best heat transfer solution in knowing which the best reactor configuration is in adding or removing heat. Figure Heat transfers for manipulating temperatures and concentration profiles in chemical reactors (from Agar, 2004). Convection is additional or removal of side-streams which intentionally limits the availability of one reactant, hence, improving selectivity, e.g.; cold-shot reactor. In recuperation heat transfer there is an external heat transfer sources and sinks which operates to generate temperature differences in between reaction phase and heating medium by taking in or removing heat somewhere else, e.g.; cooling towers, fin fan coolers, heat exchangers and etc. Regeneration heat transfer makes use of the reactor internals, usually beds or packings as an accumulation of heat and mass in order to establish temperature profile and also concentrations. This temperature could not increase when in steady-state operation (Agar, 2004). Reaction is a straight-forward combination of main reaction with compatible supplementary reaction either thermally or materially, e.g.; oxyhydrogenation (Agar, 2004). Operating temperature is achieved in reactor by one of these heat exchange approaches using various kinds of reactors accessories in multifunctional reactor such as heat jacket, tubes heat tracing or less commonly by heating coil. Mass transfer in reaction engineering Integration of mass transfer and catalyst has been studied (since, whom, what are achievement so far.) and prominently applied in reactive distillations which will be reviewed in details below. Packing shapes Multifunctional reactors development. e.g; Pool reactor, reactive distillation column, heat exchanger reactor Multifunctional reactors are reactors that serve many functions of unit operations in single equipment. These reactors usually combined with separators either distillation or absorber, or with heat transfer equipments such as cooler, heater or condenser. Some of the examples are: Pool reactors (reactor-condenser) Reactive distillation columns Pool reactor were discussed in Stankiewicz 2003 [5] (Stankiewicz, 2003), where combination of reactor and condenser yielded a novel equipment. Worlds first pool reactor is known developed by DSM Research back in 1945. A type of multifunctional reactor in which combined reactor and condenser was studied in details by Ben Amor et al (1999) (Ben Amor, et al., 1999) took methanol synthesis from its raw material, syngas in prototypes as main scope. (Add a bit of elaboration for advancement achievement). This is further developed and analysed in Haut, et al (2004) (Haut, et al., 2004) Heat exchanger reactor is designed by combining reactor, heat exchanger and scrubber by the PI in multifunctional reactor design. Multifunctional reactor has been a good example of process intensification by equipment-driven approach. Process intensification in multifunctional reactors were presented in Pros: Examples in practiced Cons: There Several functions or processes are designed to occur simultaneously in multifunctional reactors. One of many examples of these reactors is fluidised catalytic cracker (FCC) that has two reactions occur in one unit operation namely cracking and another is removal of coke in hydrocarbon (Dautzenberg, et al., 2001). Issues Implementation MAIN PARTS b Chemical reactors often used catalysts in its operations as they provide easier path for reaction to happen that the activation energy is lowered with their presence in reaction phase. Two general categories of catalytic reactor configuration are random catalytic reactor and structured catalytic reactor. Structured catalysts has been paid attention Random catalysts Reactive distillation is one of many examples of process intensification in multifunctional reactor. One of many good examples in process intensification by integration of unit operations is the reactive distillation in which reaction phase is put together with separation phase in single equipment. This has been call as pool reactor (Stankiewicz, 2003 [5]) (Stankiewicz, 2003). Reactive distillations uses column packing which made by the catalyst material as the reactants pass through the column will react and the separation takes place along the column throughout the packing This was initiated by the studies.. where column internals which use conventional packing shape with materials that could probably be replaced with catalytically compatible materials to bring forward reaction equilibrium for more yields. An example of this ground-breaking new packing is Super X-pack (structured packing) designed and manufactiured by Nagaoka International Corp., able to reduce size of column down to five times smaller compares to conventional column and much lower pressure drop across the packing. This dramatic reduction of equipment size was illustrated as comparison to conventional applications by Stankiewicz (2003) [5] (Stankiewicz, 2003) as shown in figure (Figure ). Figure Super X-pack revolutionary packing for distillation columns by Nagaoka International Corp. Sulzer Chemtech developed KATAPAK-S packing as catalytic packing and this is packing has been studied in details regarding the geometry of flow channel, hydrodynamics and mass transfer performance in Behrens et. al. (2006) [9] (Behrens, et al., 2006). Modelling of liquid hold-up, pressure drop and mass transfer were conducted specifically based on this Sulzers KATAPAK-S as the main focus in this publication. This knowledge is crucial for further developments and applications. Stankiewicz (2003) (Stankiewicz, 2003) is also cited in this paper in terms of combining reactors and separators. Future researches on these Super X-pack and Sulzers KATAPAK-S are potential development of catalytic version of this packing. From process-intensification point of view this could possibly be the breakthrough shift in vast reduction of column size and a key step up in reactive distillation that will bring a extensive benefits in chemical industry. Parkinson (2000), Drip drop in column internals Applications in Chemical Industry. Catalytic reactive distillation has been commercially used in chemical industry (DeGarmo J.L., 1992) [8] (DeGarmo, et al., 1992). One of the examples of applications in chemical industries is the Methyl Acetate separative reactor technology development by Eastman Chemicals. This is presented by Siirola (1995) [12] (Siirola, J. J.; Eastman Chemical Company, 1996). This has been cited in Stankiewicz (2003) [5] to reflect the extensive reduction in plant size. This massive plant size of seven tasks is integrated into single piece of equipment. Distillation, extractive distillation, reaction, reactive distillation are the discrete tasks which have been combined into one column. As the result, numbers of equipment are reduced to 3 from conventional plant that has 28 equipments. This is shown in figure (label figure below) Figure 4 Plant integration in methyl acetate separative reactor process by Eastman Chemical (from Siirola 1996 [13]). Benefits (to relate this point of integration benefits in between [5, Stankiewicz], [Ramshaw,1999] cost reduction and [6, Hendershot] safety regarding integrated unit operation e.g.; pool reactor, in reactive distillation) Cost reduction on the major plant item was the primary objective of PI, but other benefits comes along with this reduction of costs such as structural work, earth/civil work for large vessel foundations, installations and labour as well as less pipe work needed (Ramshaw, 1999). While looking into process intensification from safety point of view this equipment integration .. (Hendershot, 2004) This can reduce the risk of reaction stage while in operation as reducing the size of the plant means minimising hazardous material usage concept proposed by Kletz (Kletz, 1996). The possible opportunity for chemical fugitive through pipe connection in between unit operations is also eliminated as what you dont have cant leak (Kletz, 1978). This simpler plant is the result one looking for in achieving the objective in process intensification. Smaller plant is one of the objectives in process intensification and parallel with the concept of mentioned above in introduction (Stankiewicz, et al., 2000). Potentials of further development of reactive distillation: Pool reactor was started as RD program by DSM Research back in 1945 and after 51 years, the technology was established and patented in 1996 in urea production known as Urea 2000plusà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ technology. The first commercial plant was commissioned in 1998 when start-up of first Urea 2000plusà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ pool reactor plant. Stamicarbons Urea 2000plusà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ technology reduced the size of installed equipments from early establishment at total height of 78 metres .. (Bakker, 2004). Reactor Stripper Condenser Scrubber Pool Condenser Pool Reactor Urea 2000plusà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ technology Conventional urea technology C:UsersdynaPicturesMP Navigator EX2010_10_03Urea 2000Plus Pool Reactor2.jpg Figure 5 Reduction of size by integration of reactor, condenser and scrubber featured in Stamicarbons Urea 2000plusà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ technology (from Bakker, 2004). MAIN PARTS c Modelling of process intensification. Modelling Modelling of Krishna Taylor (2000) MAIN PARTS d Process intensification for safety. In establishing a chemical plant nowadays, there are massive lists of safety legislations need to be adhered. One of the best practices in chemical industry is to construct a plant with elements of inherent safety. Inherent safety and intrinsic safety mean the same and would be used interchangeably from this point onwards. Process intensification is an important aspect that needs to be implemented in achieving an inherently safer chemical process and plant. Process intensification for inherent safety concept has long been establish has been Intrinsic safety in reactor configuration and operation is a crucial element since reactor is a heart of a chemical manufacturing plant. Being the centre of a process containing various components of chemicals as raw materials are introduced and as reactions took place there would be mixture of products and normally more than two by-products. Reactor also traditionally contains high amount of energy namely heat as operating with usually being operated at the highest temperature compare to other equipment upstream and downstream. This is where energy would be supplied or removed as stated before in the introduction. From the point of equipment integration reviewed before, reactor combination with other unit operations such as distillation, condenser, scrubber or heat exchanger is another approach in process intensification, i.e; equipment-driven approach (King et. al. 2010) [10]. MAIN PARTS e Barriers and potential prospects of process intensification in reaction engineering. Besides wide-ranging advancement in PI in reaction engineering, there are several difficulties known in holding back the research and implementation of technologies. This occurs especially in upscaling from lab or pilot scale to commercial scale. In 1998 AIChEs Center for Waste Reduction Technologies organised two workshops that has recognised barriers for reactive/hybrid separations and as agreed there were three categories of technical and nontechnical difficulties which are: Technical gaps, such as lack of simulation and scale-up capability, lack of validated thermodynamics and kinetic data, lack of materials (compatible materials, e.g., integrated catalysts/sorbents, membrane materials) as these materials have to be developed specifically for the purpose of new process chemistry, and lack of high-level process synthesis methodology. Technology transfer barriers, lack of experts in multidisciplinary team in process integration approach, lack of communality of problems (each application has unique technology) and lack of models/prototypes on a reasonable scale (most of the studies still regarded as science which involves small-scale researches). General barriers, such as higher standards, to require implementation of new technologies, as opposed to conventional technologies, lack of process economics (as new technologies have not been proved to be feasible as there is no commercial model available) and fear of risk in operating new technologies. Besides those difficulties, future opportunities CONCLUSIONS The implementations of process intensifications transform conventional chemical engineering unit operations into a revolutionary process technology whether by integration of several unit operations or by altering intrinsic chemical process elements to eliminate unnecessary process bottlenecks. Changes usually measured by the substantially cost improvement, progress delivery/process time, [3, Re-Engineering chem]

Art and Aesthetics Essay -- Art

Art and Aesthetics Art is usually referred to as the visual arts, where a piece of work is judged through the aesthetics in which it creates. However, art refers to all human endeavors, including the product of oneÂ’s creative impulse. In other words, art does not have to be innovative to be good. I believe art is the communication of an idea, be it visual, musical, communicative or other. Art is the interplay between the conscious and unconscious part of our being, between what is real and what is an illusion; it is the voice of our soul through color and form in a constant search for connection with something beyond. I think of art as the bridge between our souls and the physical world. I see art as both an interaction between our psychological existence and our cultural expression of that existence. Thus, this can include challenging and sometimes disturbing imagery as well as the aesthetically pleasing. The artist's conceptual vision and a personÂ’s ability to translate this to an audience is what transforms the ordinary experience to a historically and culturally significant event. Moreover, art has a purpose. It is a way of reaching out and sending out a message, of opening a different way of communicating something with others, in ways otherwise would not be possible to achieve. Culture definitely plays a big role on the different varieties of art we have in our world today. For example, Japanese adolescents can be seen spending hours of their spare time trying to create animated art, otherwise known as Ââ€Å"manga†. This form of art may not be acceptable to every culture, as it may be seen as being unrealistic childish nonsense. However, to these Japanese adolescents, Ââ€Å"manga† is a valuable work of art. Contemporaries like Andy Warhol may have a different definition of what art is. However, traditionalists may sneer upon WarholÂ’s creation of the CampbellÂ’s soup can as a work of art. Generally, an artistÂ’s surroundings and culture plays a big influence in the type of art he or she creates. Personally, my culture did not play a big role when I was in the midst of working on my artwork. Although I consider myself as an amateur when it comes to art, I believe that if you let your emotions and inspirations guide you, you would be able to produce a fine piece of art. This will make your piece of art original, as it would have come from deep within yours... ...of something to the person who tries to interpret it. Every piece of art is created through the knowledge of something, be it objective or subjective. For example, in an artistic way, a skilled craftsman would have a purpose and message in mind and he adapts and molds materials to fulfill this end. If he is to succeed in conveying his message, he needs to develop his expertise. There is a kind of craftsmanship and intelligence at work in the practice of his art. Whether a ship builder or weaver, he applies his practical knowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœhow, virtuosity, and talent in fashioning objects that he is creating, and he draws upon general principles which he applies to concrete cases. Moreover, art can help a person develop their critical senses. It could give a person an intuition for forming judgments and trying to decipher what the artwork is trying to portray. Knowledge provided by art is very distinct, as it deals with having a good sense of judgment and interpretation. In conclusion, there is no one true definition of art. Art is valued differently, depending on the individual. Different individuals have different views as to what art is; and as they say, beauty is in the eye of the beholder.

Igniting Young Minds Essay

Swami Vivekananda’s success Mantras for youth! â€Å"My Faith is in the Younger Generation, the Modern Generation, out of them will come my workers. They will work out the whole problem, like Lions.† Swami Vivekananda expressed this confidence in the youth of this country exactly 50 years before the end of Colonial Rule while speaking to a mammoth gathering of youngsters in Madras. Swami ji himself was the embodiment of youth, dynamism and vibrancy. The life and ideals of Swami ji are the greatest inspiration for the youth of our nation. In a short life of 39 years, 5 months and 22 days, this great man conquered the entire world with his message. Many great personalities both in India and across the world became deeply inspired by Swami ji. The writings of Swami ji can ignite the minds of the reader.. Anybody who has come into either direct or indirect contact has witnessed an ocean of change in his or her life. Today, the youth of this country faces various challenges and I am certain that the message of Swami Vivekananda has the power to wonderfully guide them into the future. PURPOSE OF LIFE Swami ji always held that the real birth of the individual takes place when the purpose of his life germinates. He believed that he who does not have a purpose is nothing but a walking-talking corpse.It is extremely important not to decide the purpose of life with the narrow objective to be something or the other. Think of doing not becoming and in this process you will certainly become something. Once the purpose of life is clear, all actions of life become driven by that purpose. SELF-CONFIDENCE A precursor to do anything in life is to have confidence in the self. Swami Vivekananda attached more importance to self-confidence than even faith in God! â€Å"He is an atheist who does not believe in himself. The old religions said that he was an atheist who did not believe in God. The new religion says that he is an atheist who does not believe in himself,† he famously stated. Unfortunately, we have limited ourselves without knowing our capabilities. Many times we feel that we can do ‘only this much’ despite being blessed with tremendous capabilities. If our youth is determined, there can be nothing impossible for them to achieve in the world! But, for this we must regain our self-confidence. Swami ji always believed that everything that is happening around us be it small, big, positive or negative gives us the opportunity to manifest the potential within. DEDICATION For any endeavor to attain the pinnacle of success, dedication to the cause is absolutely essential. Swami Vivekananda once said, â€Å"To succeed, you must have tremendous perseverance, tremendous will. ‘I will drink the ocean’, says the persevering soul; ‘at my will mountains will crumble up’. Have that sort of energy, that sort of will; work hard, and you will reach the goal.† Another quality that Swami Vivekananda spoke of was patience. He said, â€Å"Be like the pearl oyster. There is a pretty Indian fable to the effect that if it rains when the star Svà ¢ti is in the ascendant, and a drop of rain falls into an oyster, that drop becomes a pearl. The oysters know this, so they come to the surface when that star shines, and wait to catch the precious raindrop. When a drop falls into them, quickly the oysters close their shells and dive down to the bottom of the sea, there to patiently develop the drop into the pearl. We should be like that.† Very often, it so happens that we take on a task with immense enthusiasm but as time passes by, the same enthusiasm fizzles out. Pursuing a challenge with utmost dedication is indeed a road to success for our youth. TEAMWORK This era belongs to organization and teamwork. Be it any sector from science, technology to business, teamwork constitutes a major cornerstone to attaining the desired results. When he was in USA, Swami Vivekananda was greatly impressed by the spirit of teamwork there and he thought of the need to re-vitalize this spirit of teamwork in India. Leading by example, he founded the Ramakrishna Mission and organized Sanyasis to work towards nation building. Friends, if the present youth walks on the hallow path of Swami ji’s ideals and beliefs it will merely be a matter of time before India adorns the mantle as the leader of the World. In any case, we are the most youthful nation in the world but simply that is not enough. It is necessary to arm our youth with the relevant knowledge and skill that will convert this mammoth potential to desired results. India is celebrating Swami Vivekananda’s 150th Birth Anniversary and Gujarat is commemorating the entire year as ‘Yuva Shakti Varsh’. It is indeed high time that we resolve to follow these ideals of Swami Vivekananda and take this youthful nation to greater heights as the leader of the world.

Importance of Physics Essays

Importance of Physics Essays Importance of Physics Essay Importance of Physics Essay .Physics is the field of scince that controls the Earth, the Moon, the Sun and the Universe It is the science of matter and its motion, space-time and energy. Physics describes many forms of energy such as kinetic energy, electrical energy, and mass; and the way energy can change from one form to another. Everything surrounding to us is made of matter and Physics explains matter as combinations of fundamental particles which are interacting through fundamental forces. It will not be an exaggeration if it is said that Nature is almost Physics (apart from the fact that the word Physics itself is derived from Greek word physis meaning nature). Physics is all around us. We can find Physics as the backbone for any daily life example such as an electric light, electricity, the working of our vehicle, wristwatch, cell phone, CD player, radio, plasma TV set, computer, and the list goes on. Physics is also a necessity in solving our future problems. The examples cited above show that forward-looking developments are based on the insights of physics. This applies most especially to all problems, or rather solutions thereof, which are critical for our future. Whether it pertains to new materials, the development of fuel cells for a more environmentally-friendly propulsion techniques, or nuclear fusion as a source of energy in the future, in any event, physics creates the conditions for solving problems. Simply we can say, Any sort of technology which we uses in our daily life is related to Physics. It plays an important role in health, economic development, education, energy, and the environment.

The meaning of healing miracles Essay Example

The meaning of healing miracles Essay Example The meaning of healing miracles Essay The meaning of healing miracles Essay Christians today make of the miracle stories in the bible as influencing stories. They mainly market these stories and tell them to others or preach. The stories were read to uneducated people in a way that they could influence them to see the good in believing in God. One is when a group of demons asked Jesus if they could cast out their evil spirits into a nearby herd of pigs. The pig farmers were incensed and angry with Jesus because when the spirits entered the pigs, they all jumped of the cliff. This all makes sense if the miracle was legitimate. If Jesus was just helping someone deal with psychosis, lets say, why did the pigs all jump off the cliff? Each miracle has its own significance. Many are comparable to todays miracles, and are very encouraging to people who have illness or suffering, as they can provide faith and allow people to stay positive believing that they have hope. Miracles only happen to those who have faith in God and who believe. They use the miracle stories as part of their worship by reminding God how great he is and what he has done for them and to thank him. Also this gives them a reason to stay in faith. If they ever have any doubt they can recall the miracles and see how great and powerful God is. Christians today can learn a great deal from miracles. They learn how important their faith is in God. Miracles happen anywhere. They can happen to anyone as long as there is faith, it can happen everywhere and they happen because God wants us to be fit for the kingdom. Christians can learn from this, that miracles happen to people who need them, to people who believe in him, and to people who have sinned, confessed, and apologise. They do not happen to people who have no or little faith, who question God, or who ask things of him in a selfish way. Miracles teach us that Jesus helps all kinds of people who need him. For example: the healing of the leper teaches us that we must follow Jesus teaching and his examples. We must reach out to those who are at the edge of society either by sickness or reputation. Another example is the story of the Centurion. This story shows how the faith of the Centurion saved his servants life as Jesus healed him. What is Forgiveness? What does it mean? Why is this a difficult concept? First, I must establish that Forgiveness is a process. There is no time frame. Each person will work through the process at his or her own pace. There is no magical saying or act that will produce instant results. What are your words for forgiveness? What do you feel when someone talks about forgiveness? What I have noticed is that the words for someone not able to forgive are about pain. The words about forgiveness are about healing, release and joy. Some consider forgiveness to be a miracle. Forgiveness is very important in life and miracles happen because God forgives those who have sinned. Miracles help inform Christians about Jesus and that he is the son of God. He is the one who lead people and brought them to forgive the sins of others. Miracles are proof to everybody that God exists and how powerful he is. Jesus performed many miracles, for example Turning Water to Wine: John 2:1-11. Jesus turned all the water into wine at a wedding. He is able to do this, because people believe in him, as without faith miracles cannot happen. Some churches hold healing services today. These are miraculous as they help people coping with sickness. Even if there is not enough power to heal the person or they have not confessed their sins, the thought of having God with them by their side is very comforting for those with terminal illnesses. Healing services help support people and comfort them, so yes they are miraculous services. God can save peoples lives and cure them, (even if it is just by making them believe they will get through whatever the problem is) and this gives them comfort. The Holy Spirit is one of the three persons of God: Father, Son and Holy Spirit. For many of us, this is a difficult concept to grasp. The Bible declares that there is only one living God, yet we learn from scripture that He comprises three separate personages. One way to partially visualize this notion is to examine the nature of water (H2O). Water is a single compound that can exist in three states liquid, ice and vapor. An egg is another picture. It is comprised of the white, the yolk and the shell, yet it is still one egg. Of course, by no means do these examples paint a complete picture of our God, but they are illustrative of the fact that His three persons in no way invalidate His oneness. As God consists of 3 elements he is very powerful, and this is why he is able to perform such miraculous events as he does. Present day miracles may not be very obvious but they consist of things such as, the healing of sickness, speaking in tongues and exorcisms. Other miracles are not obvious at all; they may be things such as rain following drought or people being able to cope after a horrific natural disaster. Many things are miracles because of peoples strong belief in God. Today, people have access to bibles, as well as encyclopaedias. Over six million trained Christians are assisting others to gain divine knowledge based on the Bible. Thus, miracles are no longer always necessary to attest to Jesus Christ as Gods appointed Deliverer or to provide proof that Jehovah is backing his servants. There are miracles everyday such as birth, life and life and death situations. It is a miracle that people are still getting along in this day and age. If God performed a miracle for everyone so as to prove his existence then there would be no point in Religion Religion is based on faith which does not require proof and it is something you have to work on.

Team Leader Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Team Leader - Assignment Example One of my team experiences involved a multidimensional approach to social behavior change for prevention and management of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among adolescents in a locality. The team needed to identify underlying risk factors among the target population and develop a behavior change strategy for prevention and management. Even though involved nurses had a level of multidimensional skills and experience such as in psychology, research, and education, specialized professionals were incorporated to spearhead these interests. The multidimensional team that was also diverse in demographic factors such as age, gender, and race was organized in groups, each with specific tasks, but open forums for progress evaluation ensured input of every team member in each of the involved activities. Of special interest was difference in rationale among the non-nurse professionals and the role that the difference played on the team’s success and on team members. Analysis of the team, using Team Performance Survey (Thompson, et al., 2009), identify a high-level effectiveness of the team. Group leaders briefed the team on progress and plans but every team members participated in deliberations, questioning validity of reports by each group, or introducing a new idea. The team leader also ensured an inclusive participation by being specific in eliciting responses and new ideas. Members also explained their opinions in cases of conflicts and even external information sources were used resolve differences in opinions. Difference in professional backgrounds and even specialization among nurses formed most of the differences, but this also played a critical role in resolving differences in opinion through multiple strategies such as brainstorming, illustrations, and both primary and secondary research. Besides being open to confrontations in

How does the Bible describe sin ( Hamartiology) Essay

How does the Bible describe sin ( Hamartiology) - Essay Example In this paper the author analyses a part of systematic theology, Hamartiology, as the official ‘Doctrine of Sin’ and tends to explicate the meaning, denotation and consequences of sin. Hamartiology has been a controversial subject amongst experts, some believe in the original sin point of view which was given to us by Apostle Paul, whereas some such argue that humans were either not at all affected by the fall of man, another segment of Hamartiology also discusses that whether humans were or were not affected by the fall of man is irrelevant, but the human race is sinful by nature because of the devil. Except for the concept of original sin, the Hamartiology section in theology also deals with other types of sin, and exactly describes what God actually means when he mentions sin in the great book. Numerous excerpts from the testaments have been taken to express the Bible’s outlook towards sin, which in abstract point towards two meanings; the first being transgres sion and the second to miss or overlook the mark. Within this essay sin, its origination, and its nature have also been discussed thoroughly. A major section of Hamartiology deals with the comprehension of ‘original sin’, which states that, us humans being descendants of Adam and Eve are not what God actually crafted as most Christians believe. Within the bible, numerous words are used which are synonymic to sin, some of the terms are unrighteousness, transgression, against the will of god, defiling god, non-belief in god, and of course trespassing.

UDF (United Dairy Farmers) Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

UDF (United Dairy Farmers) Analysis - Assignment Example This ice-cream has been known for its heavy use of fresh condiments and low overrun. In 1984, the UDF Homemade Brand of ‘Cookies N Cream’ was designated by People Magazine as the Number One Brand of Exotic Ice Cream across Canada and the USA. Following this endorsement, UDF Brand ice creams have increased in popularity and can be found in many states in the mid-central region of the USA. The business has expanded to Georgia, Indiana, Illinois, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Michigan, Ohio, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, West Virginia and Virginia. UDF also produces and sells Frosty Malts and Sherbets, Special Recipe ice-creams, yogurts and milk shakes (UDF Website, History Section). Identification of Risks The making and selling of ice-creams is an exciting business but is nevertheless fraught with different types of risks. Some of these are natural but others are manmade. Consequently, some of the risks can be covered by insurance a nd other safety and security procedures while others just have to be borne or dealt with. In my interview with the manager, I determined that the following risks were most relevant to UDF’s ice-cream related business: a. Risk of long power failure and melting of inventory; b. Risk of legal action due to foreign objects found in products; c. Risk of contamination of ice cream due to chemical agents; d. Risk of ice cream parlor/ store outlet burning down; e. Risk of rioting, hooliganism and other disruptive activities; f. Risk of employees going on strike or industrial action; g. Risk of bad service because employees are insufficiently trained; h. Risk of its formulas and recipes being compromised; i. Risk of contaminated supplies of inputs; j. Risk of contamination or exposure in the delivery process. Steps That Can Be Taken to Mitigate These Risks The risk of long power failure though unheard of is possible in case of a natural calamity like a tornado, blizzard, thunderstorm or flood striking Columbus, Ohio. Riots and strikes are also covered. Even emergency systems could be affected and businesses forced to shut down for some time. In this case keeping the inventory and supplies safe, secure and ready for consumption will be a challenge. However the business has determined its usual stock of inventory and consumption on weekdays, weekends and public holidays and has accordingly ensured each store on the average level of stocking and consumption. The backup system at the stores ensures that power is available for three days or 72 hours but after that something will have to be done to preserve the merchandise. Insurance has been taken out for possible inventory losses and also a contract has been entered into with a cold storage plant so that supplies and goods can be stored there in an emergency, ensuring business continuity. Quality control is strictly ensured as all inputs are checked before inclusion in the production process. In case there are signs of low quality, the entire lot is returned and replaced according to the contract with suppliers. The business has also hired local legal and advertising agencies to promote its products via various media including television, billboard and internet based advertising. The legal firm is also responsible for vetting all press releases and protecting against copyright and trademark infringements. It is

Perspectives on Free

Perspectives on Free-Speech Zones on College Campuses Essay Naturally, many negative connotations come along with the term â€Å"free-speech zone. † The wording alone automatically insinuates that free speech should not be allowed everywhere, which is hardly the true intention of the idea. Sometimes the right of free speech is taken advantage of; such as in certain rallies and protests, where disruptive noise, violence, and destruction often occurs. Universities hold a responsibility to their students of providing a reasonably safe and undisruptive environment to learn and excel in. Universities are not creating â€Å"free-speech zones† to limit free speech, but rather to maintain a secure atmosphere that is conducive to concentration and higher learning. Universities should be able to maintain a certain level of safety on campus in whatever way they choose. â€Å"The University reserves the right to relocate or cancel the activity due to disruption from excessive noise levels, traffic entanglement, or if the safety of individuals is in question† (West Virginia University’s Student Handbook 91). They are not undermining the right of free speech that we as Americans legally hold, but are creating an appropriate means for demonstrators to voice their opinions without causing unnecessary disruption and chaos in inappropriate places on campus. An issue I do have with this idea of a â€Å"free-speech zone† is that there isn’t a clear definition of when or where these zones should be used. Who is to say whether or not the voicing of a certain opinion or idea requires the use of a â€Å"free-speech zone†? If what constitutes the use of a â€Å"free-speech zone† was better defined then the use of such â€Å"zones† could be more affective and appropriate. As stated by Robert J. Scott, protest zones have been used at many political conventions and other major events. â€Å"Protest zones can be reasonable restrictions that allow free-speech rights to be expressed while decreasing safety concerns and preventing undue disruption† (Scott 92). With the history of violence and destruction that is associated with protests, it is only natural that certain precautions be taken to prevent such problems. It is too vague to say the free expression of views or opinions may not â€Å"disrupt the normal function of the university,† as stated in the West Virginia University’s student handbook. Who decides what the â€Å"normal function† truly is, or when it is being â€Å"disrupted? † If a university decides to establish the use of â€Å"free-speech zones† then they should be able to provide a clear and concise description of when, and for what purpose, these â€Å"zones† should be used. One of a universities top priorities is to make their campus as safe and secure as possible, and if â€Å"free-speech zones† or â€Å"protest zones† are what they feel are necessary to maintain that security then they should be able to enforce them. The problem really comes down to whether or not these â€Å"zones† are used appropriately. If used extensively, and at levels that are unnecessary for the safety of students, then human rights issues could easily come into play. But if used in a smart way, such as for larger demonstrations of freedom of speech, like protests and rallies, then they could be helpful in preventing destruction and/or distraction on university campuses. â€Å"Requiring those expressing dissent to obey the law while doing so does not constitute repression† (Scott 92).

Expressive Art Therapy The Rosebush Technique

Expressive Art Therapy The Rosebush Technique The purpose of this paper is to research Expressive Art therapy and to present one structured art activity, the Rosebush fantasy, which is an effective strategy proven in school counseling. Allowing children to draw is giving them the ability to use another language to share feelings, ideas, perceptions, fantasies, and observations of how they view themselves, others and the environment in an effective, non-threatening way. The rosebush fantasy technique is used as an expressive art therapy method to access the emotional world of children in a non-verbal way (Ray et al., 2004, p.277). Clients with various problems can be reached through expressive art therapy as a tool for awakening dormant creativity which can be used through artistic self-expression. It restores the creative/inspiration that clients store deep within by expressing through art. Psychotherapy can assist clients verbalizing their unspoken and unresolved conflicts whereas expressive art therapy will assist the clients to express themselves in a creative understanding without relying on verbal means. Clients of all ages can use expressive art therapy to gain a better understanding of their unconscious through interpretation in their artwork that may show developmental phases and of psychic structure. This therapy is mean for accessing unseen resources and may provide clients a tool for expressing their internal conflicts that they can use throughout their lifespan art therapy is an engaging and effective way for many clients, children and adults to create art that is meaningful and have an emotional effect. It is a way for clients to become more aware of their self perception. Children may be more receptive to expressive art therapy than adult clients who may prefer the verbal approach, but clients of all ages can benefit from art therapy. These therapies also help the study of the ego and the relationship between graphic form and character development (Synder, 1997, p. 74). According to Corey (2009), Carl Rogers theory of creativity is using expressive art to enhance personal growth for individuals and groups. Carl Rogers approach known as expressive art therapy broadens the person-centered approach to spontaneous creative expression that symbolizes deep, inaccessible feelings and emotional states. Drawing, moving, music, painting, sculpting, writing and improvisation are all various artistic forms used in expressive art therapy. This approach is to integrate the mind, body and spirit and are based on the humanistic principles but given fuller form to Carl Rogers notion of creativity (p.181). By using creative approaches to counseling students respond positively. Traditional talk therapy is not as effective as art therapy. Art allows the child to connect with the counselor through images rather than words. Counselors developed an alternate non-verbal technique for children who do not possess the developmental ability to integrate feeling, thoughts, and experiences (Ray et al., 2004, p. 277). According to Ray et al. (2004), J. Stevens saw that adults tend to alienate unpleasant experiences that were causing distress to themselves. Rosebush Identification Fantasy was created so that adults could reconnect with those unpleasant aspects of their experiences. He reported that the participants responses to the rosebush exercise were a result of their own projection of their own experiences. Participants imagined themselves as a rosebush and identified their experiences onto the rosebush. V. Oaklander, a Gestalt child therapist, recognized that both client and therapist can have fun through fantasy and the process of expression of feelings. She adapted the rosebush Identification fantasy for the use of children. The technique can be used to reveal the childs subjective phenomenological world by using this art activity. This technique allows the child to communicate and share themselves with the counselor in a non-traditional format (Ray et al., 2004, p. 277). The rosebush fantasy drawing begins with a short relaxation exercise that focuses on muscle relaxation and concentration on breathing. Playing soothing music in the background can be helpful to relax children and allows them to clean their minds of intervening thoughts. The therapist will then ask specific question that will define the self as the rosebush such as, What kind of rosebush are you? Are you small or big? Do you have flowers? Who is taking care of you? Do you have thorns? When the counselor feels that the child has had enough time to process those questions they ask the child to open their eyes and draw themselves as the rosebush. The counselor allows enough time to complete the drawing. The meaning of this exercise is how the child interprets and explains the rosebush. The counselor may ask the child to describe the rosebush. The counselor may create the creativity by having the child tell a story of the rosebush and what kind of environment the rosebush is in. If the co unselor attempt to connect the childs drawing to their real-life situation the child may become threatened. The counselor may also ask, Is there anything in this drawing that reminds you of your own life? (Ray et al., 2004, p. 277). Drawings can quickly bring to surface issues relevant to counseling that can improve the counselors ability to mediate effectively with the client. Direct questions can be threatening when asking children their actual situation. By using their descriptions of their rosebush fantasy, drawing becomes less threatening. By allowing the child to draw a fantasy the child has emotional distance from the reality of life. The child is able to express details verbally about the rosebush that correlates with their view of self in a safe way. The rosebush technique can be presented in an individual or group session. In an individual session the therapist can have a better understanding of the clients world. To help understand perspectives of others and present themselves to others, this technique is beneficial for a group format (Ray et al., 2004, p. 277). The rosebush technique allows clients to use another language to express their feelings, thoughts, emotions and perceptions of how they view the world. Art drawing is a vehicle to help clients channel their emotions in a non-verbal way and allows the client to feel safe with the counselor. Expressive art therapy is an effective way of counseling that does not involve in traditional verbal communication between counselor and client. It allows the client to feel safe in a non-threatening way to express ones hidden feelings through art.