Sovereign wealth funds - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1463 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction The surfacing of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) (since 1953) has affected the financial markets and has also reshaped the worlds major economies. SWFs are working since 1953 when first Kuwait Investment Authority was established. Most of the SWFs are created by oil exporting economies like Qatar, United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sovereign wealth funds" essay for you Create order These funds are established for the investment out of budget surplus funds. SWFs have surfaced as a great investor. SWFs are important investors for not only capital assets but also for the world-wide equity, enticing, lucrative and growing attention. In recent financial credit crunch SWFs played a key role in stabilizing economies by injecting capital flows Initially SWFs growth were motivated by oil (natural resources) and commodity revenues, but lately the huge budget surpluses experienced by Asian economies put rigor in expansion of SWFs. The investments made in financial institutions during the subprime credit crisis, coined with the speedy growth of SWFs in developing economies, have elevated distress with respect to financial market stability, deficiency of transparent and bad governance structures (Moshirian, 2009) Many researchers have shown their apprehensions regarding these economic power houses like SWFs, which are calculated in trillions of dollars, will be used t actfully and strategically to gain political objectives. Capital and equity assets investments by SWFs are considered to be bias by many researchers throughout the world. SWFs have surfaced as large investors with plenty of resources, and have obtained strategic and sensitive stakes in major firms and banks around the globe. This is seems to be the rising problem for the politically and resourcefully weaken countries to defend their strategic assets from the SWFs giants from acquisitions and control rights in the name of foreign direct investments (FDI). If these funds continue to grow at the same rate as they are to date, the repercussions will be a swing in asset allocations and the appearance of a new investor category in the market. Simultaneously, a worry arises regarding their fear to financial stability, lack of disclosure and non-commercial, and mal fide objectives. This study will contribute to the literature as it coins two studies and tests combined effect of all the variables at once. This study also contribute to the awareness of the economies and governments of resourceful and strategic geopolitical position holding countries to scrutinize foreign direct investments, as SWFs can be used as tool to exploit their resources, with mala fide intentions to achieve political objectives. There are several delimitations of this study. First data is gathered through the few secondary sources due to the limitations of accessing several databases. Hence, its efficacy to be generalized may be compromised. Only publicly available data is used to analyze investment patterns of SWFs. Second limitation is the issue of transparency of SWFs as their scores for transparency varies. Third, many SWFs do not disclose or only reveal incomplete list of their investments. This paper investigates the research question, is there any biasness in investment allocation by SWFs with respect to culture, political, geographical and religious similarity? Literature Review There is no generally established definition of sovereign wealth funds in literature. Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) are state-controlled investment vehicles which own and manage public funds and they tend to be state-owned and have no explicit liabilities (Moshirian, 2009). Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) are defined by the US Treasury Department as: government investment vehicles funded by foreign exchange assets and managed separately from official reserves. SWF managers typically have higher tolerance for risk and seek higher returns than do official reserve managers (Blackburn, 2008) The very first source of sovereign wealth is the commodity revenue from natural resource-rich countries. This might be either due to the revenue generated from the tangible sales of the resources or might be the result of tax generated revenue from private firms operations in some key commodities (OCED 2008 cited in Moshirian, 2009). The second source of SWFs is hefty current account surpluses (Mo shirian, 2009). Due to constant global development and solid macroeconomic fundamentals, commodity based economies gathered significant surplus of foreign exchange earnings and reserves (Balding, 2008). Four principal reasons are stated by Balin (2008) as following: Sovereign wealth funds are created for four principal reasons Firstly, most funds held by natural resource exporters act as intergenerational transfer mechanisms, where future government pensions, asset liquidity, and fiscal revenues are guaranteed by todays export earnings. Second, most sovereign wealth funds of all country types are created to diversify a countrys income so that it can respond to shocks to the countrys economy. Thirdly, countries establish sovereign wealth funds to increase the return on assets held in their central bank reserves. (p.13) On the other hand some have expressed concerns about SWFs (Gieve, 2008). First apprehension is that SWFs mark militarily, technologically sensitive and strategic industries. Second apprehension is that huge SWFs give their government direct control over global markets (Jhonson 2007, Cited in Chhaochharia Laeven, 2009). SWFs will negatively alter corporate tactic because they hold strategic chunk stakes and holdings in banks and firms. (Trueman 2007, Cited in Chhaochharia Laeven, 2009) Many researchers illustrate that historical and cultural variables, for the most part religion and geography also have an effect on the portfolio investment of SWFs. Risk-averse investors prefer to invest in chartered territories rather than sailing in unchartered waters. Such investments into the well-known could entirely be determined by informational advantages, or simply be an appearance of sympathy with the well-known. Such cultural biases are more pronounced for government-owned institutions than for private institutions (Grinblatt Keloharju, 2001) An example of apprehension in investment receiving economies is concern over political influences, gains and objectives is control of U.S. ports by Dubai Ports World control over operations at six major American ports. A number of U.S. legislators have expressed worry about a potential threat of terror campaign (Radio, 2006). Another recent Example is emphasis of Singaporean SWFs to invest in china and India which has been considered as forging strategic ties with its more powerful neighbors (Bernstein Schoar, 2009). A SWF can also have a political effect as an alliance-building tool e.g. Singapores investments in the United States may deter the U.S. from protectionism, but it also acts to strengthen Singapores alliance with the United States generally (Blackburn, 2008). Chhaochharia Laeven, (2009) further cite many references to show why these variables like geography, religion and similarity affects the financial decision of an individual or financial institution to alter their portfolio investments as following: Geographical and cultural factors, capturing differences in information, trust, or affinity with the familiar, have been found to affect economic outcomes, including the allocation of investment8. For example, Guiso, Sapienza, and Zingales (2007) show that historical and cultural variables, particularly religion, affect trust in people from other countries, and that these differences in trust affect peoples financial decisions, including portfolio and foreign direct investment. Similarly, investors often prefer to invest in familiar investment opportunities as opposed to foreign or unfamiliar investments (Huberman, 2001; Grinblatt and Keloharju, 2001) (p.3) Considerable public attention has attracted towards SWFs recently, in particular on their investments pattern made during the subprime credit crisis in 2007. For these banks and firms, the capital injections made by SWFs provided an increased capital safeguard. This has made easy for banks to continue their operations without challenging them to reduce the size of their assets (Mos hirian, 2009). The three variables are identified by (Chhaochharia Laeven, 2009) i.e. culture, religion, geography. While the fourth variable, i.e. objective of political gain is identified in (Blackburn, 2008). During the recent financial crisis several SWFs invested in different economies which in turn stabilized the capital market of the receiving economy by boosting the investors confidence. Research Methodology Accepting the above mentioned concerns in literature it is conceivable to link variables of concern to formulate theoretical framework. We have seen all the following variables affecting the investment patterns of SWFs in the literature. Political Gains/Objectives variable is taken from (Blackburn, 2008) and Cultural, Geographical and religious similarity variables are taken from (Chhaochharia Laeven, 2009) References Chhaochharia, V., Laeven, L. (2009). The Investment Allocation of Sovereign Wealth. Social Science Research Network. Balding, C. (2008). A Portfolio Analysis Of Sovereign Wealth Funds. Social Science Research Network. Balin, B. J. (2008). Sovereign Wealth Funds: A Critical Analysis. Social Science Research Network. Blackburn, J. (2008). Do Sovereign Wealth Funds Best Serve The Interests of Their Respective Citizens. Social Science Network. Bernstein, S. Schoar, A. (2009). The investment strategies of Sovereign Wealth Funds. Social Science Network Gieve, J. (2008). Sovereign Wealth Funds and Global Imbalances. Quaterly Bulletin Speeche, 196-202 Grinblatt, M., Keloharju, M. (2001.). How Distance, Language, and Culture Influence Stockholdings and Trades. Journal of Finance , 1053-1073. Moshirian, F. (2009). Sovereign Wealth Funds and Sub-Prime Credit Problems. Social Science Network. Radio, N. P. (2006, February 20). Marketplace: Concern over Control of U.S. Ports. Retrieved December Monday, 2009, from https://www.npr.org/: https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5225229

Organizational Behavior - 1259 Words

American Red Cross Organizational Behavior and Communication American Red Cross Organizational Behavior and Communication â€Å"Inspired by the International Red Cross movement established to provide assistance to wounded soldiers, the American Red Cross was established in 1881 by Clara Barton and a number of her acquaintances† (Peerbolte, 2011, p. 17). The mission of the American Red Cross remains largely focused on military service members. However, the organization has expanded on its initial purpose. â€Å"The American Red Cross was mandated by a modified congressional charter in 1905 to provide assistance to those wounded by war, provide communication between military†¦show more content†¦Such communications are expressed using oral and written communication. Communication is imperative in such a large organization. â€Å"Today, headquartered out of Washington, D.C., the American Red Cross is a nationwide network of over 700 chapters organized into seven divisions and 36 blood service regions† (Peerbolte, 2011, p. 17). With such a large network of chapters and voluntee rs, organizational perception is imperative to the function and effectiveness of the Red Cross. â€Å"Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment† (Robbins Judge, 2011, p. 168). When an organization such as the Red Cross relies on volunteers and donations, perception is a concept that must be cultured and nurtured. â€Å"Characteristics that affect perception include your attitudes, personality, motives, interests, past experiences, and expectations† (Robbins Judge, 2011, p. 168). By providing such a wide range of open communication methods, the American Red Cross maintains a largely positive perception held by volunteers. â€Å"Employees form an overall subjective perception of the organization based on factors such as degree of risk tolerance, team emphasis, and support of people† (Robbins Judge, 2011, p. 541). A misalignment between the espoused values and enact ed values of the American Red Cross could cripple the non-profit organization. If the volunteers or the public would perceive such aShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Citizenship Behavior4841 Words   |  20 PagesTable of contents: Page # 1. Literature Review 1 1.1. What are Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs) 1 1.2. OCB and its link with Organization 3 1.3. How OCB’s are exhibited by employees 4 1.4. Importance of OCB 5 1.5. Effect of OCB on employees 6 2. Introduction to Organization 6 2.1. Allied Bank Limited 7 2.2. Meezan Bank Limited 7 2.3. First Women’s Bank 7 2.4. MCB 7 3. Findings and resultsRead MoreOrganizational Behavior1284 Words   |  6 PagesBachelor of Business Administration (Hons) Course Title : Organizational Behavior Course Code : BUS 250 Year of Study : 2 Number of Credits : 3 credits Duration in Weeks : 12 weeks Contact Hours Per Week : 3 hours Pre-requisite Course(s) : BUS 120 Principles and Practice of Management Course Aims The course provides students with a conceptual and a pragmatic approach to understand the employees’ behavior in the organization. This course equips students with the knowledgeRead MoreOrganizational Behavior1387 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational Behavior Michael J. Bonnie CJA444 June 5, 2014 Eddie Gordon Organizational Behavior Organizational behavior is the study of how employee’s behavior interacts within an agency’s work environment. It includes many subjects which include sociology, communication, psychology, and management. Its primary purpose is to review and report in the ever expanding study in criminal justice organizational behavior areas in the workforce. This discussion focuses on the forces of change andRead MoreEssay Organizational Behavior1057 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Behavior Organizational behavior: Organizational behavior refers to the attitudes and behavior of the individuals in the organization. Organizational behavior is a inter-disciplinary field of study that draws from many of the behavioral sciences. The goal of organizational behavior is to apply the concepts from the other behavioral sciences to pressing problems that management may be facing, as well as applying organizational behavior to the administrative theory and practicesRead MoreOrganizational Behavior And Human Behavior1217 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational behavior studies the impact of groups, individuals, and structures have on the personal human behavior within many organizations. There is many different definitions of organizational behavior, but they are all relatively the same in all cases. â€Å"Organizational behavior studies organizations from multiple viewpoints, including behavior within the organization and in relation to other organizations (Boundless.com).† This is not just the study o n one organization, but the study withinRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : Organization Behavior2093 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Organization behavior is the study and application of information regarding how an individual or group of people within an organization behaves. According to John Schermerhorn author of the book Organizational Behavior Twelfth Edition, organizational behavior is the key characteristic used to maintain and enhance interaction levels amongst employees within a company (Schermerhorn, 2011). There are additional characteristics such as leadership, openness to confer in relation to issuesRead MoreOrganizational Behavior And Organizational Behaviour1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe above drawn figure shows about organisational behaviour. It highlights the bonding among human behaviour in organizational settings, the individual - organization interface, the organization, the environment surrounding the organization. In an organization each and every individual brings its own experience, managerial and effective skills. Classical Organizational theory:- Popovich (2010) said that in this theory, the concentration mainly goes in how an organization can be structured inRead MoreOrganizational behavior1577 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Behavior: An Analysis of Helm Fire and Rescue Company Introduction Organizational Behavior is referred to as the study of individuals and their relative behavior subject to the existing organizational environment. The concept applies in a diverse workplace setting in different ways and had diverse impacts to the organization. Organizational behavior field includes communication, sociology, psychology, and management. The concept is subject to both internal and external factors affectingRead MoreOrganizational Behavior5621 Words   |  23 PagesChapter 1 - The Field of Organizational Behavior Multiple Choice Questions 1. Pharmacia is an example of a company that: a. experienced culture clashes as a result of a merger. b. ignored technological advances to its harm. c. is a great employer in terms of human resources, but an unprofitable company. d. focused on balance sheets rather than human resources. Answer a Page 2 2. _____ is a structured social system consisting of groups and individuals working together toRead MoreOrganizational Behavior And Organisational Behavior2512 Words   |  11 PagesNowadays with the new millennium speeding towards us and competitive advantage more rapidly than ever, organisational behavior is one of the most direct relevance study for deeper understanding of management context. Indeed, it’s about how people organised and managed at work, which contains the study of leadership, motivation and organisational design to examine human behaviour in relation to various psychological, social and political conditions. The purpose of study this subject from regulatory

The Effects of Junk Food on Health Free Essays

The Effects of Junk Food on Health Junk foods are deemed to be trash foods as they are high in fat, sodium  and sugar. The apparent effect of junk food can lead to obesity and a range of attendant health problems, including diabetes, heart disease and arthritis. Majority of junk food choices do not deliver beneficial nutritional values. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Junk Food on Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now Here are the facts about  how excessive junk food consumption affects your body. First of all, junk food doesn’t contain the nutrients your body needs to stay healthy. As a result, you may feel chronically fatigued and lack the energy you need to complete daily tasks. The high levels of sugar in junk food puts your metabolism under stress; when you eat refined sugar, your pancreas secretes high amounts of insulin to prevent a dangerous spike in blood sugar levels. Also, you can be less focused with anything you undertake at work and home because what you are acquiring from junk foods are mere fats, not healthy ingredients. Also, you will experience lack of important oxygen that eventually result to poor brain functioning. In fact, junk food will cause our body lacking of energy and less concentration and focus when doing work. Next, junk food contributes obesity. Junk food contains large amounts of fat, and as fat accumulates in your body, you’ll gain weight and could become obese. The more weight you gain, the more you’ll be at risk for serious chronic illnesses such as diabetes, heart disease and arthritis. The high levels of fat and sodium in junk food can cause high blood pressure or hypertension. You’ll feel tired and have trouble concentrating because your body might not be getting enough oxygen. Hence, fat will lead to weight gain and obese sickness, furthermore, high risk in suffering critical illness such as heart disease. Moreover, junk food can lead to diabetes. This happens because eating too much sugar puts your metabolism under stress, your body has to pump up insulin production to prevent a dangerous spike in blood sugar levels. Because junk food doesn’t contain the protein or complex carbohydrates that your body needs to maintain consistent blood sugar levels, your blood sugar levels will drop suddenly soon after eating. You’ll crave sugar and likely end up eating more junk food. Over time, this stress damages your body’s ability to use the insulin secreted by your pancrease. A healthy diet can help maintain your body’s insulin sensitivity. As can be seen, over amount of sugar will cause pancrease problem and diabetes which will affect the ability of controlling sugar level. In conclusion, junk food caused diabetes, obesity and lack of nutrients for a healthy body. We must be disciplined in indulging in these types of food because they are initially unhealthy to have. Too much of anything sweet or salty is health threatening, to prevent it, we can pick fruits and high-fiber food for good snacks and meals. How to cite The Effects of Junk Food on Health, Essay examples

Conceptual Design phase of a Systems-Free-Sample for Students

Question: Write a report which critically analyses the Conceptual Design phase of a Systems Engineering Project. Answer: Introduction The main aim of the report is the study of the Downtown LRT concept design which will include the development as well as testing the LRT related alignment which is also integrated with the present street design alternatives along with the approved corridor to recognize and also agree to concept design. It is also important to understand here that the approved corridor uses 107 street, 102 avenues and 104 avenues for the research and the overall stretch is 2 km approximately with low level of floor based on LRT connection via the downtown for the discussed Southwest towards West LRT. It also consists of a surface along with urban style of LRT based alignment which is primarily proposed as a solution from downtown Edmonton (SHARP, 2012). The concept plan for the same is based on the companion design along with documents in the report. The discussion will be based on detailed study of the engineering design for the same which is important for the project. In addition, a simple drawing o f the design of Downtown LRT concepts design will also be included in the report. Assessment of concept design It is important to understand in this discussion that the development as well as assessment of the present concept based design with the help of the downtown is actually impacted by The city of Edmontons vision in strategy and it main aims is have a compact, livable as well as a more sustainable town. The aim is to have a city where people can have the option to select and utilize different other options and associated transportation modes for the same (PLAN, A). The strategic plan of the City of Edmonton is based on a framework is to set the priorities straight and further make more informed decision in the future. The plan also based on a vision of Edmonton for coming thirty years. It is developed with different feedback from the citizens and the main vision for the same is sets in the direction for the city by setting a more descriptive kind of targets for the vibrant as well as more sustainable city that helps in building some memorable and cherished assets for the place. It is very important to identify some critical role that current public transportation plays in gaining the viability along with the success of Edmonton and the plan further works as a guide for taking effective decisions with many strategic kinds of goals as well as checkpoint of progress (Parrington and Sorrell). The concept of MDP here shows the overall strategic growth as well as the development plan of the city. It is important to have clear directions on municipal as well as regional based planning which is critical to understand since the predicted growth of population is over one million by the year 2040. The overall realization of many objectives of the MDP helps in shaping the urban form of the city and also directs the development with many key transit nodes along with corridor locations which also include LRT (Parrington and Sorrell). The concept of TMP is based on prioritizing the current transportation network towards transit and good movement along with private automobile trip with low level priority. The new setup for TMP promotes a compact form of urban design with the creation of many transit based development and an important investment in transportation (Schmidt, 2012). The TMP also set some important strategic goals discussed below: - Use of land for integration and transportation Mobility and access Safety and health Sustainability Well build infrastructure Economic level of vitality Maintained infrastructure The network plan for LRT Expanding the LRT network has an important role to play in assisting the overall shape for the future city development and providing a support for the strategic goals of the city. There are number of new LRT stops as well which are primarily developed in connection with all the surroundings and use of land and plan to motivate right kind of density, give the catalysts for the growth of more compact communities in urban area (Schmidt, 2012. In addition, the new and improved LRT lines also provide an option to include the urban realm kind of improvement with integration of the present route and stops with the communities that are served for the same. The usage of the surface routes and stops also provides an improved level of access and help in promoting the good use of transit and rise of mode share. Conceptual design The departments of city transportation and the present project tram are based on conjunction with the stakeholder and have also utilized a process spread in multi-stage to assess, test, develop and recognize the concept design. The approved corridor of the area forms the initial point for the team and the growth of preferred alignment of the present concept design wan then dealt in two phases. The first phase is based on the growth of initial stage options which goes from varied design features like stop location alternatives to the location of track which lies within the current alignment (Krueger and Buckingham, 2012). The second phase is recognized as the most popular elements for every option to form the final level concept. A detailed level of concept was developed in addition to recognizing the influence, advantages and different methods to mitigate. With the help of approved corridor of LRT design, the related LRT stop location were evaluated to make sure that they are best se rve the city and also fit with the goal which set out the project level of context. At every level of stop location there are a number of goals that were recognized to support the growth of alternatives that will meet the objective of every location (Sproule and Leder, 2011). The stakeholders feedback was used in combination with the goal which is set out in the present project context to test the alternatives that are against the Citys LRT assessment options. The top level criteria are mentioned below: - Constructability with feasibility Use of land and promotion of compact form of urban area (Flannery et al., 2015) Peoples movement with goods Natural kind of environment Social culture Following is the future network proposed by Edmonton: Design of concept The most preferred alternative was refined further. Additional public consultation was developed to aim on the single concept. The documents further were also utilized for the public or many open house discussion sessions performed to assist as well as facilitate the public level involvement (Luckey and Marshall, 2012). After receiving the feedback in the stakeholder session, addition adjustment was made to develop which also reflects in the feedback. After the evaluation and review of the design of concept, many issues and queries were mentioned that was associated to the street stop diagonal 107 situated on the western edge of downtown along with project alignment as well as proposed portal with the help of the east segment of the complete project. The team working on the project was engaged with NorQuest College and MacEwan University in order to achieve a point of resolution which is also diagonal 107 street stop and it is related to joint development along with its current potential (Freeman et al., 2012). In addition, city council was further directed to the team in order to engage with the community in the areas like Boyle Street or China Town which is also an attempt to solve the problems around the location of alignment and areas like China Town gate focus on safety and the location of portal. The team in addition to it also developed and executed a line of workshops and training program to engage with local society and also draw out different set of concepts on problems and options to get help with right tools and designs to deal with the concerns of stakeholders. There are many other alternatives as well along with design which is evaluated with multiple kinds of alignments, below ground as well as surface. The changed designs were further taken to the public for multiple open house sessions (Dwarka et al., 2012). Following is the Approved Downtown LRT Connector Corridor: - The phases in the light rail lines are to check for the incurring cost with the easy maintenance and development. The phase is to check on the parallel processing with the system focusing on handling the lifecycle with system concurrency for the construction design. Conclusion It is to focus on the process of orientation where there is a need to properly maintain the technology and support the different activities taking place on the light rail network. With this, there is a proper assurance of the orientation and the deployment that would require managing with the configuration process as per the requirement and the development programs. The standards of the decision system inhibit the approach of the effects to focus on the safe area with the system designing. Here, the customers require to ensure the quality with the focus on the deployment functionality to properly construct and then work on the different forms of the analysis. Through this, there is a possibility to check on how the requirements of the system are met and how it is possible to handle the allocation as well. Recommendation With the development, the check is on how to work over the system testing where the light rail network need to focus on the associated technicalities with the operations that have been designed. The performance is measured according to the work with the check on meeting the dynamic and the static set of the system flow. Here, the environment should also include the proper association with the management to measure the team and their requirements. References Line, V., 2013. PRELIMINARY DESIGN PROCESS.Policy,506, p.1. SHARP, A., 2012. Light Rail to Airports.Sustaining the Metropolis, p.203. PLAN, A., THE ROLE OF THE PLANNER: MAKING A DIFFERENCE JGI 454 H1F JPG 1514 H1F.JGI,454, p.H1F. Parrington, A. and Sorrell, C., PROPOSED METROPOLITAN HYDROGEN NETWORK FOR SYDNEY. Schmidt, L.K., 2012. Returning the near south to downtown Indianapolis: daylighting Pogue's Run: a plan for urban renewal. Krueger, R. and Buckingham, S., 2012. Towards a consensualurban politics? Creative planning, urban sustainability and regional development.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,36(3), pp.486-503. Sproule, W.J. and Leder, W.H., 2011. Downtown People Movers-History and Future in US Cities. InAutomated People Movers and Transit Systems 2011: From People Movers to Fully Automated Urban Mass Transit(pp. 197-207). Flannery, D., Duarte, R., Norman, B., O'Donnell, T., Sinclair, H. and Steffen, W.L., 2015.Light rail transit and residential density in mid-size cities(No. 5). Canberra Urban and Regional Futures. Luckey, K.S. and Marshall, W., 2012. Understanding the Level of Integration of Light Rail Transit into Communities in the Denver Region.Sustaining the Metropolis, p.296. Freeman, D., Wei, W. and Gosling, G.D., 2012.Case Study Report: San Francisco International Airport BART Extension. Working Paper, Mineta Transportation Institute, San Jos State University, San Jos, California. Dwarka, K., Twining, A. and Robins, M.E., 2012. TOD Line: Mobilizing a Regional Network to Promote Transit-Oriented Development.